The same survey also pointed out that percentage of couples actively using family planning measures was more than 49 percent among Hindus against 37 percent among Muslims. The National Family and Health survey conducted in 1998–99 highlighted that Indian Muslim couples consider a substantially higher number of children to be ideal for a family as compared to Hindu couples in India. According to Paul Kurtz, Muslims in India are much more resistant to modern contraception than are Hindus and, as a consequence, the decline in fertility rate among Hindu women is much higher compared to that of Muslim women. Religious customs and marriage practices were cited as some of the reasons behind the high Muslim birth rate. Zacharia in Kerala in 1983 revealed that on average, the number of children born to a Muslim woman was 4.1 while a Hindu woman gave birth to only 2.9 children. Surveys indicate that Muslims in India have been relatively less willing to adopt family planning measures and that Muslim women have a larger fertility period since they get married at a much younger age compared to Hindu women. However, other sociologists point out that religious factors can explain high Muslim birthrates. Prasad, argues that since India's Muslim population is more urban compared to their Hindu counterparts, infant mortality rates among Muslims is about 12% lower than those among Hindus. Indian Muslims are poorer and less educated compared to their Hindu counterparts. According to sociologists Roger and Patricia Jeffery, socio-economic conditions rather than religious determinism is the main reason for higher Muslim birthrates. ĭemographers have put forward several factors behind high birthrates among Muslims in India. However, since 1991, the largest decline in fertility rates among all religious groups in India has occurred among Muslims. The Muslim population growth rate is higher by more than 10% of the total growth compared to that of Hindus. Because of higher birthrates and an influx of migrants from neighboring Bangladesh, the percentage of Muslims in India has risen from about 10% in 1991 to 13% in 2001. Muslims in India have a much higher total fertility rate (TFR) compared to that of other religious communities in the country. Officially, India has the third largest Muslim population (after Indonesia and Pakistan). High concentrations of Muslims are found in the eastern states of Assam (31%) and West Bengal (25%), and in the southern states of Kerala (24.7%) and Andhra Pradesh (14%). Muslims represent a majority of the local population in Lakshadweep (93% in 2001) and Jammu and Kashmir (67% in 2001). The largest concentrations-about 47% of all Muslims in India, according to the 2001 census-live in the 3 states of Uttar Pradesh (30.7 million) (18.5%), West Bengal (20.2 million) (25%), and Bihar (13.7 million) (16.5%). Most of the Muslims in India belong to Indian ethnic groups, with minor to obvious levels of gene flow from outside, primarily from Persia and Central Asia. India's Muslim population is the world's third largest and the world's largest Muslim-minority population. Matters of jurisdiction involving Muslims in India related to marriage, inheritance and wakf properties are governed by the Muslim Personal Law, and the courts have ruled that Sharia or Muslim law, holds precedence for Muslims over Indian civil law in such matters. Over the years, there has been significant integration of Hindu and Muslim cultures across India and the Muslims have played a prominent role in India's economic rise and cultural influence. Islam arrived in north India in the 12th century and has since become a part of India's rich religious and cultural heritage. Islam came to with the newly Islamised Arab merchants and traders on the Malabar Coast in the 7th century. Islam is the second-most practiced religion in the Republic of India after Hinduism, with more than 13.4% of the country's population (over 138 million as per 2001 census). Sunni Barelvi Hanafi, Deobandi Hanafi, Ahl al-Hadith, and Shia. Urdu, Dakhini, Regional Languages of India Large populations in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra and Kerala Large concentration in Jammu and Kashmir, Assam and West Bengal.
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